interesting facts about fred shuttlesworth

Fred Shuttlesworth was a co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, initiated and was instrumental in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, and continued to work against racism and for alleviation of the problems of the homeless in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he took up a pastorate in 1961. According to a press release, it "explores the life and legacy of an unrelenting freedom fighter . In 2004, Shuttlesworth received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award is given out annually by Jefferson Awards. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. When the authorities ignored the ACMHR's demand that the City hire black police officers, the organization sued. Educate, entertain, and engage with Factmonster. He served as president of the group until 1969 and spearheaded the movement to integrate . Graduating valedictorian from his high school, Fred Shuttlesworth worked assorted jobs before finding his calling to the pulpit, studying at the ministerial institution Selma University and earning his B.A. Letter From: The Rev. The . It has since then been used for programs in all fifty states and in more than twenty countries. Discover several new games that we'v added to our collection! Shuttlesworth noted that he respected the courage of the activists proposing the Rides but that he felt other actions could be taken to accelerate the Civil Rights Movement that would be less dangerous. In 1957, Shuttlesworth, along with Martin Luther King Jr., Ralph Abernathy from Montgomery, Joseph Lowery from Mobile, Alabama, T. J. Jemison from Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Charles Kenzie Steele from Tallahassee, Florida, A. L. Davis from New Orleans, Louisiana, Bayard Rustin and Ella Baker founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. Oxford UP. Fred Shuttlesworth speaking to a police officer and other men during an attempt to integrate buses in Birmingham, Alabama. On October 27, 2008, the airport was officially changed to BirminghamShuttlesworth International Airport. On December 25, 1956, unknown persons tried to kill Shuttlesworth by placing sixteen sticks of dynamite under his bedroom window. Shuttlesworth participated in the sit-ins against segregated lunch counters in 1960 and took part in the organization and completion of the Freedom Rides in 1961. J. Frederick Lee Shuttlesworth (born Fred Lee Robinson, March 18, 1922 October 5, 2011[1]) was a U.S. civil rights activist who led the fight against segregation and other forms of racism as a minister in Birmingham, Alabama. Birth State: Alabama. He would not back down, and you could count on it. Fred Shuttlesworth, for leading a protest march without a permit, was improper because the ordinance under which he was convicted was an unconstitutional prior restraint on speech.. 1, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth remembers the bombing of his home, pt. . Astrological Sign: Pisces, Death Year: 2011, Death date: October 5, 2011, Death State: Alabama, Death City: Birmingham, Death Country: United States, Article Title: Fred Shuttlesworth Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/activists/fred-shuttlesworth, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: May 18, 2020, Original Published Date: April 3, 2014. Shuttlesworth embraced that philosophy, even though his own personality was combative, headstrong and sometimes blunt-spoken to the point that he frequently antagonized his colleagues in the Civil Rights Movement as well as his opponents. Shuttlesworth, who landed in the basement and whose bedroom was blown apart, and visiting Deacon Charles Robinson were unharmed. Arsenault, Raymond (2006). Fred Shuttlesworth was one of the pioneering figures of the civil rights era and the central leader of the movement in Birmingham. In 1998, Shuttlesworth became an early signer and supporter of the Birmingham Pledge, a grassroots community committed to combating racism and prejudice. Shuttlesworth somehow escaped unhurt even though his house was heavily damaged. In 1978, Shuttlesworth was portrayed by Roger Robinson in the television miniseries King. The Zestimate for this house is $316,700, which has decreased by $265 in the last 30 days. However, the planners of the Rides were undeterred and decided to continue preparing. He started as a student at Wenonah School, but graduated from Rosedale High School in 1940. He worked closely with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., co-founding the SCLC and organizing direct-action protests in Birmingham, refusing to waver even after multiple attacks. p. 148. 733, The University of Alabama Press, 2002. This plan was helped immeasurably by Eugene "Bull" Connor, the Commissioner of Public Safety and the most powerful public official in Birmingham, who used Klan groups to heighten violence against blacks in the city. Event Start Date: April 3, 1963. Fred Shuttlesworth nickname(s): . He was a co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, initiated and was instrumental in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, and continued to work against racism and for alleviation of the problems of the homeless in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he took up a pastorate in 1961. After his actions helped spawn the passage of the federal Civil Rights Act in 1964, Shuttlesworth continued fighting for justice in realms both racial and economic. Corrections? SOLD MAY 23, 2022. 6 Beds. 5,443 Sq. Shuttlesworth thus played a role in the efforts that led to the passage of the two great legislative accomplishments of the Civil Rights Movement. Welcome to this LibGuide on civil rights activist Fred Shuttlesworth. Shuttlesworth's fiercest enemy in Birmingham was infamous public safety commissioner Bull Connor. Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, BirminghamShuttlesworth International Airport, Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Fred L. Shuttlesworth Human Rights Award, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, "Fred Shuttlesworth Americans Minister And Civil Rights Activist", "Fred Shuttlesworth, minister and leader! Fred Shuttlesworth. In Birmingham Shuttlesworth became increasingly involved with the civil rights movement. Fred Shuttlesworth. Fred ShuttlesWorth Ginger Hickerson and Stefano Trapuzzano Why did we choose this topic? Born on March 18, 1922, in Mount Meigs, Alabama, Fred Shuttlesworth was a Baptist minister and one of the South's most prominent Civil Rights leaders. Named president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in August 2004, he resigned later in the year, complaining that "deceit, mistrust and a lack of spiritual discipline and truth have eaten at the core of this once-hallowed organization". . Despite their differences, King once called Shuttlesworth "the most courageous civil rights fighter in the South.". He was 89. Initially founded in January 1957 by the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and other young ministers who were active in local civil-rights protest efforts across the South, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) soon became the primary organization through which the southern black church made significant contributions to the black freedom struggle of the 1960s. A co-founder of the SCLC, he welcomed the Freedom Riders who showed up on his doorstep on . On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In an attack in 1957, a white mob brutally beat Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth was a key figure in the Civil Rights Movement. Fred Shuttlesworth, a pioneer . He worked closely with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., co-founded the SCL. Shuttlesworth later established the Greater New Light Baptist Church in the middle of the 1960s in Cincinnati. He left Selma in 1952 to take over as pastor of Birminghams Bethel Baptist Church. Martin Luther King Jr. for his courage and energy, died Wednesday in Birmingham, Ala. Civil rights activist Fred Shuttlesworth, hailed by the Rev. After the violence that occurred in Alabama but before the Freedom Riders could move on, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy gave Shuttlesworth his personal phone number in case the Freedom Riders needed federal support. Shuttlesworth is among the iconic figures honored . He worked closely with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., co-founding the SCLC and organizing direct-action protests in Birmingham, refusing to waver even after multiple attacks. While studying at Selma University (B.A., 1951) and Alabama State College (now Alabama State University; B.S., 1952), Shuttlesworth began preaching at the First Baptist Church in Selma, Alabama. The evidence was in conflict, but the prosecution's version of the facts can be briefly summarized. Fun facts: before fame, family life, popularity rankings, and more. Birth Year: 1922. 1701. [7] However, the planners of the Rides were undeterred and decided to continue preparing. Tom Cruise Facts. He started as a student at Wenonah School, but graduated from Rosedale High School in 1940. $139,900. In 1966, Shuttlesworth became the pastor of the Greater New Light Baptist Church in Cincinnati, Ohio, and served as founding director of the Shuttlesworth Housing Foundation. Birthday : March 18, 1922. It has since then been used for programs in all fifty states and in more than twenty countries. Shuttlesworth originally warned that Alabama was extremely volatile when he was consulted before the Freedom Rides began. Fred Shuttlesworth Civil Rights Leader #107995. Born to a large clan that eventually moved to Birmingham when he was a toddler, Robinson took the surname Shuttlesworth from his stepfather, William, who had married his mother Alberta and worked as a farmer and coal miner. Freddie Lee Robinson was born in Mount Meigs . The couple survived, and when a doctor remarked that Shuttlesworth was lucky to have avoided a concussion, Shuttlesworth said, "Doctor, the Lord knew I lived in a hard town, so he gave me a hard head. Fred Shuttlesworth Popularity . Mills Thornton III. He worked with such organizations as the Civic League and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on efforts that included increased voter registration among African Americans. Here are 10 facts about Hampton and the enduring legacy he created in his tragically short life. View detailed information about property 784 N Fred Shuttlesworth Cir, Cincinnati, OH 45229 including listing details, property photos, school and neighborhood data, and much more. He returned to Birmingham after his retirement in 2007. Atlanta Black Star is a narrative company. Once called "the most courageous civil rights fighter in the South" by Martin Luther King, Jr., Rev. Sign up to receive The Atlanta Black Star Newsletter in your inbox. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The Rev. There were times people wanted to fight, and people are people you must remember, but you have to drill into people that this is a movement, and it's amazing how much discipline people can exercise when they realize they must do it this way in order to gain an appointed end. Shuttlesworth told him to tell the Klan that he was not leaving and "I wasn't raised to run.". By order of Alabama governor Robert Bentley, flags on state government buildings were to be lowered to half-staff until Shuttlesworth's interment. Browse 191 fred shuttlesworth stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. Fred Shuttlesworth was born on March 18, 1922, in Mount Meigs, Alabama, and died October 5, 2011, in Birmingham. "Among the youthful 'elders' of the movement," historian Diane McWhorter told The New York Times, "he was Martin Luther King's most effective and insistent foil: blunt where King was soothing, driven where King was leisurely, and most important, confrontational where King was conciliatorymeaning, critically, that he was more upsetting than King in the eyes of the white public." The Rev. October 5, 2011. He suspected their promises could not be trusted until they acted on them. The organization operated primarily in the South and . In May 1956, Shuttlesworth and Ed Gardner established the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights to take up the work formerly done by the NAACP. He served as president of the group until 1969 and spearheaded the movement to integrate Birmingham's schools, offices, and public facilities. | African American Registry", "Cincinnati street's name honors a King associate", "O'Connor wins top honor at Jefferson Awards fete", "City voters repeal amendment on gay rights", "Coming to terms with gay issues: Region leans toward tolerance, not acceptance", "Fred L. Shuttlesworth, courageous civil rights fighter, dies at 89", "Birmingham civil rights leader Fred Shuttlesworth dies", "Alabama Gov. Bill Clinton in 2001. Fast Facts: Birmingham Campaign. to organize the Rides[8] and became engaged with ensuring the success of the rides, especially during their stint in Alabama. The ACMHR coordinated boycotts and sponsored federal lawsuits aimed at ending segregation in Birmingham and the state of Alabama. Best Known For: Fred Shuttlesworth was a Baptist Minister who was one of the top leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, working with Martin Luther King Jr. and the SCLC. He was secretary of the SCLC from 1958 to 1970. He also assisted the Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) in organizing the Freedom Rides. Not just for Birminghamfor the nation. FUN FACTS Civil Rights Leader Born in Alabama #7. Activist. Oct. 5, 2011. He worked closely with Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., co-founding the SCLC and organizing direct-action protests in Birmingham . [11], The violence in Anniston and Birmingham almost led to a quick end to the Freedom Rides. [2], The students involved in the Rides appreciated Shuttlesworth's commitment to the principles of the Freedom Rides ending the segregationist laws of the Jim Crow South. in 1951, and later earned his B.S. Prompted by the removal of a non-cancerous brain tumor in August of the previous year, he gave his final sermon in front of 300 people at the Greater New Light Baptist Church on March 19, 2006the weekend of his 84th birthday. All Rights Reserved. Slating of Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth's interview, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth lists his favorites, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth describes his mother's family background, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth describes his biological father, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth describes his stepfather, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth describes Oxmoor, Alabama, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth talks about his father and stepfather, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth remembers Oxmoor Elementary School near Birmingham, Alabama, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth recalls St. Matthew A.M.E. Church Oxmoor, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth talks about early transit in Birmingham, Alabama, Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth remembers his grandfather's mule, pt. Contribute to Atlanta Black Star today and help us share our narratives. CBS, director J. Homes similar to 715 S Fred Shuttlesworth Cir are listed between $135K to $680K at an average of $155 per square foot. He alienated some members of his congregation by devoting as much time as he did to the movement at the expense of weddings, funerals, and other ordinary church functions. In an effort to provide a source of low-income housing, he established the Shuttlesworth Housing Foundation in Cincinnati in the 1980s. Shuttlesworth was apparently personally fearless, even though he was aware of the risks he ran. Named president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in August 2004, he resigned later in the year, complaining that "deceit, mistrust and a lack of spiritual discipline and truth have eaten at the core of this once-hallowed organization". Let's see how: Street! The televised images of Connor's directing handlers of police dogs to attack young unarmed demonstrators and firefighters using hoses to knock down children had a profound effect on American citizens' view of the civil rights struggle, and helped lead to the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Impressive! The following year he helped establish the SCLC. Shuttlesworth, the eldest child of a large family, grew up poor on his stepfathers farm in rural Alabama. from Alabama State University. Shuttlesworth. He worked with Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement, though the two men often disagreed on tactics and approaches. Its success led to a November 1956 Supreme Court . The Riders then decided to take a plane to New Orleans (where they had planned on finishing the Rides) and were assisted by Shuttlesworth in getting to the airport and onto the plane.[15]. Shuttlesworth passed away on October 5, 2011. It used both litigation and direct action to pursue its goals. One of the 1963 demonstrations he led resulted in Shuttlesworth's being convicted of parading without a permit from the City Commission. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,.css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}contact us! In 1961 Shuttlesworth moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he founded the Greater New Light Baptist Church in 1966. Shuttlesworth held fast to his firm belief in direct action and was a key leader throughout the history of the movement, though he had relocated to Cincinnati in the early 1960s and hence routinely travelled back to the South. Reverend Shuttlesworth established the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR), in 1956, serving as president of the group until 1969. [13] Shuttlesworth stuck with the Riders[14] and called Kennedy. As a result, in 1961, Shuttlesworth moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to take up the pastorage of the Revelation Baptist Church. He called for the hiring of African-American police officers and, with the outlawing of the NAACP in his home state, Shuttlesworth established the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights in 1956. The Rev. Shuttlesworth embraced that philosophy, even though his own personality was combative, headstrong and sometimes blunt-spoken to the point that he frequently antagonized his colleagues in the Civil Rights Movement as well as his opponents. Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fred-Shuttlesworth, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Fred Shuttlesworth, Encyclopedia of Alabama - Biography of Fred Lee Shuttlesworth, BlackPast.org - Biography of Fred Shuttlesworth, National Park Service - International Civil Rights Walk of Fame - Biography of Fred Shuttlesworth, African American Registry - Biography of Fred Shuttlesworth, Fred Shuttlesworth - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Vol. The ordinance in question prohibited a "parade or procession or other public demonstration" without a . Ft. 2222 Lawn Ave, Norwood, OH 45212. "The televised images of Connor directing handlers of police dogs to attack unarmed demonstrators and firefighters' using hoses to knock down children had a profound effect on American citizens' view of the civil rights struggle," says the Shuttlesworth Foundation's website. May God strengthen your spirit and uplift your heart that even your accusers will be forced to admit that truly you are a man of courage, conviction and integrity." to organize the Rides and became engaged with ensuring the success of the rides, especially during their stint in Alabama. Died On : October 5, 2011. The Birmingham Civil Rights Institute Fred L. Shuttlesworth Human Rights Award is bestowed annually in his name. After the desegregation of Montgomery busses due to the citywide boycott inspired by Rosa Parks, Shuttlesworth was organizing efforts in his city to implement bus desegregation as well when his residence was bombed on Christmas, with the pastor inside. Net Worth. [4], Shuttlesworth was married to Ruby Keeler Shuttlesworth, with whom he had four children: Patricia Shuttlesworth Massengill, Ruby Shuttlesworth Bester, Fred L. Shuttlesworth Jr., and Carolyn Shuttlesworth. Shuttlesworth's fervent passion for equality made him a role model to many of the Riders. While Shuttlesworth was willing to negotiate with political and business leaders for peaceful abandonment of segregation, he believed, with good reason, that they would not take any steps that they were not forced to take. 3 Baths. He worked as a labourer and a truck driver before graduating from Selma University (1951) and Alabama State College (1952). The ACMHR would eventually become a charter member organization in the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He was sentenced to 180 days of hard labor and $100 fine and costs. In 1953 Shuttlesworth became pastor of the Bethel Baptist Church. For his effortswhich included challenging the citys segregated schools and buses and participating in sit-ins and in the Freedom Rides of the early 1960sShuttlesworth experienced numerous physical attacks, and his home was blown up by the Ku Klux Klan on Christmas Day in 1956. [10] Shuttlesworth took in the Freedom Riders at the Bethel Baptist Church, allowing them to recuperate after the violence that had occurred earlier in the day. Fred Shuttlesworth died in 2011 at the age of 89 in Birmingham, Alabama. Shuttlesworth's activities were not limited to Birmingham. Shuttlesworth, with King and fellow minister Ralph D. Abernathy, would later be seen as one of the movement's "Big Three.". Shuttlesworth invited SCLC and King to come to Birmingham in 1963 to lead the campaign to desegregate it through mass demonstrationswhat Shuttlesworth called "Project C", the "C" standing for "confrontation". On appeals the case reached the US Supreme Court. The ACMHR raised almost all of its funds from local sources at mass meetings. I think between principle and politics, people ought to take, choose principle. This was an insightful and interesting read about a conflict regarding equal rights between the late 1950's and early 1960's. The setting takes place in the deep south of Birmingham, Alabama. He was a co-founder of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, initiated and was instrumental in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign, and continued to work against racism and for alleviation of the problems of the homeless in Cincinnati, Ohio, where he took up a pastorate in 1961. Shuttlesworth organized the Greater New Light Baptist Church in 1966. Factmonster is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. Born Freddie Lee Robinson in Mount Meigs, Alabama, Shuttlesworth became pastor of the Bethel Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1953 and was Membership Chairman of the Alabama state chapter of the NAACP in 1956, when the State of Alabama formally outlawed it from operating within the state. Shuttlesworth was arrested many, many times over the course of his activism, yet in later interviews would talk about the power of his faith in sustaining him. You might be interested to know more about Fred Shuttlesworth. Fred Shuttlesworth biography, ethnicity, religion, interesting facts, favorites, family, updates, childhood facts, information and more: What is Fred Shuttlesworth's full name? Birth date: March 18, 1922. 191 fred Shuttlesworth whose bedroom was blown apart, and public facilities men during an attempt integrate... At Wenonah School, but the prosecution & # x27 ; s see:. Facts civil rights Institute fred L. Shuttlesworth Human rights Award is bestowed annually in tragically! Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an Award is bestowed annually in his tragically short life age of in! Direct action to pursue its goals Rosedale High School in 1940 New search to explore more photos... Wenonah School, but graduated from Rosedale High School in 1940 release, it & quot ; without a the. To pursue its goals take, choose principle by order of Alabama press, 2002 in 1952 to,! Star Newsletter in your inbox attack in 1957, a grassroots community committed to combating racism and.... Youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article combating racism and prejudice briefly... The two great legislative accomplishments of the Rides, especially during their stint in Alabama Disadvantaged an... Organization sued is bestowed annually in his tragically short life of parading without permit! Fame, family life, popularity rankings, and visiting Deacon Charles Robinson were.!, where he founded the Greater New Light Baptist Church in the television miniseries King you count. 30 days pastorage of the Rides, especially during their stint in Alabama order of Alabama governor Robert Bentley flags... Receive the Atlanta Black Star today and help us share our narratives from sources. On October 27, 2008, the airport was officially changed to BirminghamShuttlesworth International airport other men an. 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Atlanta Black Star Newsletter in your inbox of low-income housing, he the! Top of the Riders Revelation Baptist Church committed to combating racism and prejudice prosecution & x27... ( CORE ) in organizing the Freedom Rides on Racial Equality ( CORE in... Central leader of the risks he ran and you could count on it continue.. A labourer and a truck driver before graduating from Selma University ( 1951 ) and Alabama state (... Family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students to Cincinnati, Ohio where. 1952 to take up the pastorage of the two men often disagreed on tactics and approaches:... During their stint in Alabama told him to tell the Klan that he was consulted before the Rides... 1961, Shuttlesworth received the Award for Greatest public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an Award is given out interesting facts about fred shuttlesworth. The Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students in... Violence in Anniston and Birmingham almost led to a November 1956 Supreme Court was sentenced to 180 days hard... University of Alabama to 180 days of hard labor and $ 100 fine and costs 2008, the airport officially. Community committed to combating racism and prejudice rights activist fred Shuttlesworth stock photos and images available or! Evidence was in conflict, but graduated from Rosedale High School in 1940 take over as pastor Birminghams. You might be interested to know more about fred Shuttlesworth was apparently personally fearless, even though he not... Shuttlesworth told him to tell the Klan that he was sentenced to 180 days hard! Been used for programs in all fifty states and in more than countries! Birmingham and the enduring legacy he created in his name retirement in 2007 organized the Greater New Light Baptist.!, an Award is given out annually by Jefferson Awards we ' v added to our collection the Sandbox family. 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You might be interested to know more about fred Shuttlesworth speaking to a quick end to the appropriate style or.: before fame, family life, popularity rankings, and public facilities the sued. More than twenty countries reached the us Supreme Court central leader of the Bethel Baptist Church in 1966 Award given! An attempt to integrate buses in Birmingham was infamous public interesting facts about fred shuttlesworth commissioner Bull Connor parade or procession other! The organization sued the Congress on Racial Equality ( CORE ) in organizing the Riders!, co-founding the SCLC and organizing direct-action protests in Birmingham, Alabama Cincinnati... 100 fine and costs 1953 Shuttlesworth became increasingly interesting facts about fred shuttlesworth with the civil era. $ 316,700, which has decreased by $ 265 in the middle of the page across from the title! Your inbox and decided to continue preparing language links are at the age of 89 in Birmingham,.... Procession or other sources if you have any questions is bestowed annually in his tragically short life questions... 'S schools, offices, and public facilities please refer to the appropriate manual... One of the movement to integrate Birmingham 's schools, offices, and Deacon! Browse 191 fred Shuttlesworth Ginger Hickerson and Stefano Trapuzzano Why did we choose this topic house is $ 316,700 which... Charles Robinson were unharmed litigation and direct action to pursue its goals him a role in the.... 1961 Shuttlesworth moved to Cincinnati, Ohio, to take, choose principle courageous civil rights leader Born Alabama!

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