We measure sea temperature daily in 73 countries or regions, including: Azores, South Africa, England, Angola, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Benin, Bermuda and Brazil . For the entity known as (British) East Africa, see, Somaliland is not included in the United Nations geoscheme, as it is internationally. The unique geography and apparent suitability for farming made East Africa a target for European exploration, exploitation and colonialization in the nineteenth century. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. The ethnic fabric in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is much more fragmented, with many smaller peoples intermingled or occupying discrete territories. [29], According to both genetic and fossil evidence, it has been posited that archaic Homo sapiens evolved into anatomically modern humans in the Horn of Africa around 200,000 years ago and dispersed from there. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. Overfishing, coastal development, pollution, the unknown consequences of climate change, and more immediate effects of shark finning and manta ray poaching are some of the most threatening concerns. Only with more knowledge can we hope to make informed decisions. The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. The geography of East Africa is often stunning and scenic. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. Vast coastlines and active ports, combined with inadequate law enforcement and customs capacity, allow for large-scale shipments to move easily into international markets in Asia. One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. These voyages of discovery by the Chinese to the African Red Sea coast, East Africa and its Indian Ocean islands, required sea-worthy vessels. The use of deterrentsnoise or chili peppershas resulted in a dramatic reduction of conflicts and crop field destruction. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. It has official status in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. The trading ships made their way down the east coast of Africa stopping at towns to trade for African goods such as ivory, gold, myrrh to make a fine skin oil, animal skins, frankincense and ambergris used to make perfumes, and slaves. For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. The Omani Arabs posed the most direct challenge to Portuguese influence in the African Great Lakes region.By this time, the Portuguese Empire had already lost its interest on the spice trade sea route due to the decreasing profitability of that business. While Madagascar is dominant, there are several smaller islands. The British Empire set foot in the region's most exploitable and promising lands acquiring what is today Uganda, and Kenya. The German Empire gained control of a large area named German East Africa, comprising present-day Rwanda, Burundi and the mainland part of Tanzania named Tanganyika. The state also established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. Only in quite recent times has agriculture spread to the more humid regions south of the equator, through the spread of cattle, sheep and crops such as millet. No settlements from this period have been found. Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. Some geologists studying the Canary Islands predict that the western side of a volcano eventually will slide off into the ocean, sending a 300-foot high wave of liquid destruction our way. Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. These campaigns have led to arrests of poachers and seizures of weapons and illegal wildlife items, including ivory and rhino horn. The most important site of this period yet to have been found is at Manda, near Lamu, on the Kenyan coast. They sailed there with the northeast monsoon, returning home in the summer with the southwest. The French settled the largest island of the Indian Ocean (and the fourth-largest globally), Madagascar, along with a group of smaller islands nearby, namely Runion and the Comoros. Here the situation differed somewhat from that in the north, and, though tortoiseshell and rhinoceros horn were exported from thereas were quantities of ivory and coconut oilno mention is made of slaves. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. Please click on this logo for more information. The region has endured the following post-colonial conflicts: Kenya has enjoyed relatively stable governance. West of the Rwenzoris and Ethiopian highlands, the rainfall pattern is more typically tropical, with rain throughout the year near the equator and a single wet season in most of the Ethiopian Highlands from June to September contracting to July and August around Asmara. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. [47] The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own Aksumite currency. A whale shark swims with a diver off the coast of East Africa. In East Africa, the shift was marked by the appearance of sgraffito pottery manufactured in the Makrn. Let's work together to safeguard these globally important reefs for the benefit of communities, the marine ecosystem, the nations of Kenya . Though there is some suggestion that in the 10th century the Muslims had not yet begun to move farther south than Somalia, on Qanbalu they soon became rulers of a pagan population, whose language they adopted. The east coast of South Africa has a generally well-defined and narrow continental shelf area. Washington, DC 20037. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. Corrections? We work with farmers to adopt practices that conserve resources and use less space, ensuring forest remains intact for wildlife. [42] Lowland barriers and diseases carried by the tsetse fly, however, prevented the donkey and agriculture from spreading southwards. Some of the earliest hominin skeletal remains have been found in the wider region, including fossils discovered in the Awash Valley of Ethiopia, as well as in the Koobi Fora in Kenya and Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. Following the Zanzibar Revolution of 1965, the independent state of Tanganyika formed the United Republic of Tanzania by creating a union between the mainland, and the island chain of Zanzibar. Through our involvement in the creation of local fishing associations, fishermen are recruited to monitor bycatch of turtles and dugongs and provide us with important data on population trends. This Somaliland protectorate was just opposite the British colony of Aden on the Arabian Peninsula. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. Once implemented, the law will save the lives of up to 5,000 marine turtles per year and allow Mozambican fishers to sell their shrimp to the U.S. market. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. Ancient Settlement The ancient peoples of what would become the Swahili Coast prospered thanks to agriculture and animal husbandry, aided by a regular annual rainfall and shallow coastal waters plentiful in seafood. Here's a small sample of Africa's best beaches. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. The Western Hemisphere includes about half of Antarctica and all of North and South America which includes the Caribbean and Central America as well as Greenland. ? Wild dogs, black rhinos and lions also roam its forests and grasslands. Da Gama's voyage was successful in reaching India, which permitted the Portuguese to trade with the Far East directly by sea. Further information in the sections of Architecture of Africa: Further information in the sections of History of science and technology in Africa: Since the end of colonialism, several East African countries were riven with military coups, ethnic violence and oppressive dictators. Lionel Casson. East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. Elephants and other wildlife require freedom to roam in search of food and freshwater. This Bantu expansion introduced agriculture into much of the African Great Lakes region. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The two currents do not "meet" anywhere along the south coast of Africa. We work on sustainable use of natural resources, such as certified timber or fisheries, which also creates incentives for conservation. This warm water current runs south along the east coast of southern Africa from ~25S to 40S, and is the Western Boundary Current of the South Indian Ocean. The British Museum. The Republic of Venice had gained control over much of the trade routes between Europe and Asia. Overfishingfor local consumption and export to commercial marketsposes a major threat to the region. They dubbed the part of the coast to which they sailed Azania, or the Land of Zanjby which they meant the land of the blacks and by which they knew it until the 10th century. East Coast ports have been undertaking more and more investments in recent years. sapiens, representative of the earliest Homo sapiens, and suggested that Homo sapiens arose between 350,000 and 260,000 years ago through a merging of populations in South and East Africa. [79], According to the CIA, as of 2017, the countries in the eastern Africa region have a total population of around 537.9 million inhabitants.[80]. External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. Local communities need the ability to protect their resources against illegal activities. It is narrow (approx. Eastern Africa consists largely of plateaus and has most of the highest elevations in the continent. A team of researchers . This volume contains papers rst presented at the conference, Early Maritime Cultures of the East In fact, on the coast of Somalia, many years can go by without any rain whatsoever. In southwest Africa, the plains and plateaus of Namibia are found . The Indian ocean lies to the east of Africa, Wiki User. Within minutes, the blindingly bright white flats had been obscured by the downpour, and I lost the shark in the rain. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. Africa's east coast is blessed with a plethora of stunning islands, each one washed by the warm waters of the azure Indian Ocean. You really can walk across the Red Sea at Sharm el-Sheik. Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . Coastal storms bring stronger winds creating greater wave damage along shorelines. Most of the peoples of Eritrea and Ethiopiaand some of those in Tanzania and Kenyaspeak languages belonging to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21C (70F) or less. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. The Dragonfly Sea (2019) by Kenyan author Yvonne Owuor follows the story of a protagonist named Ayaana on the island of Pate. Though the straits were never completely closed, there may have been islands in between which could be reached using simple rafts. With $1.9 million in funding from the Global Environment Facility, an African Nature-Based Tourism Collaborative Platform is being developed to connect funders to communities and small and medium enterprises involved in nature-based tourism in eastern and southern Africaand who are most affected by the loss of revenue due to Covid-19. The Swahili term "dhow" encompasses a diversity of sailing ships, from coastal fishing boats to ocean-going vessels. NEW YORK -- News that Tanzania will revive a $10 billion port project in the town of Bagamoyo has ignited speculation that . Gujarati traders were already criss-crossing the ocean for biashara with the Swahili Coast of Eastern Africa. Overharvesting of timber and illegal commercial logging continue to threaten forests in Coastal East Africa. Speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages populate Uganda and the rift valley portions of Kenya and Tanzania, while speakers of Bantu languages constitute much of the remainder of these countries population. Mafia Island, which lies out to sea here, could perhaps be Menouthias, the only island named in both the Periplus and the Guide, although this could also be either Pemba or Zanzibar (perhaps there has been a conflation of all three in the one name). Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. East Africa is a subregion of the continent of Africa, according to the United Nations Geoscheme. Approximately 55,000 people live in or around the Quirimbas marine reserve off the coast of Mozambique. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com The southern part of East Africa was occupied until recent times by Khoisan hunter-gatherers, whereas in the Ethiopian Highlands the donkey and such crop plants as teff allowed the beginning of agriculture around 7,000 BCE. Please select which sections you would like to print: Smuts Professor of Commonwealth History, University of Cambridge. [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. South Sudanese independence was nearly derailed by the South Kordofan conflict, particularly a dispute over the status of the Abyei Area, and both Abyei and South Kordofan's Nuba Hills remained a source of tension between Juba and Khartoum as of 2011[update]. 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