Everyone who is infected with COVID-19, regardless of vaccination status, previous infection or lack of symptoms, follow the recommendations listed in Table 1 (Isolation) of the CDPH Guidance on Isolation and Quarantine for the General Public. The NEU believes that because of the nature of the way in which teachers work, and the presence of children, a maximum indoor working . (a) From October 1 of each year to the next succeeding May 1, every unit of dwelling space and every habitable room therein shall be maintained at a temperature of at least 68 degrees Fahrenheit between the hours of 6:00 A.M. and 11:00 P.M. and at least 65 degrees Fahrenheit between the hours of 11:00 P.M. and 6: . According to the research, fifth-grade students' scores in math, reading, and science improved by 64 points when classroom temperatures changed from 78 degrees Fahrenheit (25 Celsius) to 67 degrees Fahrenheit (20 Celsius). This one-year prospective study that spanned . An FDA-authorized antigen test, PCR test, or pooled PCR test is acceptable for evaluation of an individual's COVID-19 status. 17). Legislative support is crucial to keep students, educators and school employees safe! It appears like a flu bug but her body is super hot and this second time she bounced back more quickly (12 hours) once her temperature was regulated. b. CDPH strongly recommends that all persons (e.g., students and staff) wear masks in K-12 indoor settings, with consideration of exemptions perCDPH face mask guidance. b. They suggest that the temperatures for classrooms should be based on the season. Masks remain one of the most simple and effective safety mitigation layers to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2. If the exposed student tests positive for COVID-19, follow the guidance for isolation in Section #10 below. What is the highest maximum allowable temptation for children to be in the classroom? (2) Supervisor training. U cannot have fans so the schools and day ares open windows which only makes it hotter! Teachers called for a maximum classroom temperature of 30C in 2013, but the law did not change Credit: Getty Images The exercise should have been called off hours before when temperatures reached . Editorial correction of printing error restoring inadvertently omitted subsections (f)(1)-(3) (Register 92, No. Amendment filed 1-17-86; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 86, No. Lisa, sorry, I am not sure because we dont deal with drug rehabs. 1: The measures required here may be integrated into the employer's written Injury and Illness Program required by section 3203, or maintained in a separate document. (iii) Maintain interior temperatures within normally acceptable ranges. Teachers with classrooms which are not sixty five degrees f. (65 F.) at the start of the school day shall be given first priority for the use of facilities which are above sixty five degrees f. (65 F). The employer shall establish, implement, and maintain, an effective heat illness prevention plan. In-person schooling is critical to the mental and physical health and development of our students. The guidance below is designed to help K-12 schools continue to formulate and implement plans for safe, successful, and full in-person instruction during the 2021-22 school year. (C) An employee exhibiting signs or symptoms of heat illness shall be monitored and shall not be left alone or sent home without being offered onsite first aid and/or being provided with emergency medical services in accordance with the employer's procedures. Information relating to public access to written information, open meetings, school facilities, and pupil records and grades. If an electronic device will not furnish reliable communication in the work area, the employer will ensure a means of summoning emergency medical services. D. Classroom temperature and relative humidity . -20 to -60 is extreme cold and frostbite is likely. 7y@p8{w.w#CM>]#lTa:aqv Headache, Lethargy, vomit and once had IV fluids to balance her electrolytes and blood sugar as a result. Excessive Working Temperatures. "Emergency" means any significant disruption of normal facility procedure, policies, or Masks are also strongly recommended indoors while on the sidelines, in team meetings, and within locker rooms and weight rooms. Espaol, - b. Just wondering if you have any insight or a website to direct me to. Coronavirus General Question Inbox: CCLCOVID-19INFO@dss.ca.gov. One shower facility with hot and cold water feeding a common discharge line shall be provided for each ten employees, or numerical fraction thereof, who are required to shower during the same shift. The following guidance is designed to keep California K-12 schools open for in-person instruction safely during the COVID-19 pandemic, consistent with the current scientific evidence. (c) Provision of water. General regular faucets in schools do not need to. 4. Please verify the status of the code you are researching with the state legislature or via Westlaw before relying on it for your legal needs. My wife is a 5 th grade teacher in NJ. Section 7 (regarding exposure management) has been updated. Suzanne, whats wrong with sweating? The investigation is curious, but it sounds as though some may be overly protective here. being 27 degrees Fahrenheit. All Written Answers on 25 Jul 2006 . upon a prescription from a physician, dentist, or other prescriber authorized by law. EXCEPTION: If an industry is not listed in subsection (a)(2), employers in that industry are not required to comply with subsection (e), High-heat procedures. Bottom line- a personal care faucet is only required in Child Care Facilities of the school think daycares. ASHRAE provides us with guidance on general classroom temperatures in their Standard 62.1-2007. To mitigate in-school transmission, a multi-layered strategy continues to be important, including but not limited to getting vaccinated, wearing a mask, staying home when sick, isolating if positive, getting tested, and optimizing indoor air quality. So, it does not truly set a temperature, but states that if 80% of the occupants say it is fine, then it is fine. a. Not sure what the specifics are in NJ off the top of my head. Household cohort members, regardless of vaccination status, do not need to wear masks when they are together without non-household cohort members nearby. FindLaw Codes may not reflect the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction. from heat related illness due to these extreme classroom temperatures since children . Mine seems to be sensitive to the extreme change in temperature. Leave it to the legislature to do that to all of us. N.J. Admin. Specifically, the rental unit must be heated in the morning between 5 and 11. Children as young as 2 months are there. My school does not have hot water in any of the womens bathroom faucets. Related Materials:Group-Tracing Approach to Students Exposed to COVID-19 in K-12 Setting|2021-2022K-12 Schools Guidance Q&A|CDPH Guidance for the Use of Face Coverings| K-12Schools Testing Framework 2021-2022 (PDF)|Safe Schools for AllHub| American Academy of Pediatrics COVID-19 Guidance for Safe Schools| More Languages. law, or standard that has been adopted by State agencies. 51). Shade is not adequate when heat in the area of shade defeats the purpose of shade, which is to allow the body to cool. Employers may begin the shift with smaller quantities of water if they have effective procedures for replenishment during the shift as needed to allow employees to drink one quart or more per hour. 4. 5142. If different "household cohorts" are using shared indoorspacewhen together during the day or night, continue to strongly recommend mask use, and healthy hygiene behaviors for everyone. Indoor mask use remains an effective layer in protecting against COVID-19 infection and transmission, including during sports, music, and related activities, especially activities with increased exertion and/or voice projection, or prolonged close face-face contact. What are the temperature requirements for classrooms and restroom water delivery? Mechanically Driven Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Systems to Provide Minimum Building Ventilation, Venue Safety & Security, Security for Stadiums, Active Shooter When Should I Take Attendance of Our Students, Using WiFi to See Through Walls Challenges Privacy, How The East Palestine Train Derailment Has Gone Wrong, SB 906 And Its Potential Impact On Schools. 68-76 winter; 72.5-80 summer. Masks are strongly recommended indoors for all spectators and observers. 180 California State PTA, 2327 L Street, Sacramento, CA 95816 916.440.1985 Hot Weather Standards in the School Setting - continued RESOLVED, That the California State PTA urge its units, councils and districts to work with local boards of education to encourage adoption of policies to mitigate It is strongly recommended that exposed students wear a well-fitting mask indoors around others for at least 10 days following the date of last exposure, if not already doing so. See the full text of the California heat standard. The medical issues that you are speaking of should be covered in the IEP for each student. No person can be prevented from wearing a mask as a condition of participation in an activity or entry into a school, unless wearing a mask would pose a safety hazard (e.g., watersports). Repealer of EXCEPTION (2) and renumbering of EXCEPTION (2) to (1) filed 5-9-91; operative 6-8-91 (Register 91, No. The employer shall implement high-heat procedures when the temperature equals or exceeds 95 degrees Fahrenheit. Click here to view the published version of Board rule found in the Administrative Code (please note that the Secretary of State's Office updates the Administrative Code quarterly).. For rules the Board is currently considering, view the "Rule Proposals" tab. Implementation requires training and support for staff and adequate consideration of student and family needs. Through keen observation and "show of hands" solicitations, Bob Kegan stays attuned to the classroom's ebbs and flows. Temperature should be listed as a candidate cause when potential or observed human source and activities, site observations or observed effects support portions of the source-to-impairment pathways (see Figure 2). Since employees work in that room also, OSHA regulations would apply which would require the HVAC system to operate. The proposed law would require action to relieve heat conditions when a classroom hits 82F and that a classroom be vacated entirely should the temperature rise to 88F. Illegal? Exposure to cold environments is beneficial to the human body and helps burn fat. There is AC but not turned on. Classroom temperatures According to the Irish National Teachers Organisation, classrooms need to be heated to minimum of 16C by 10AM. Public Access Information relating to public access to written information, open meetings, school facilities, and pupil records and grades. 410-333-2508. Arrange for eating outdoors as much as feasible. Shouldn't we at least be able to kill the bugs? Education and Skills written question - answered on 25th July 2006. Using additional spaces outside of the cafeteria for mealtime seating such as classrooms or the gymnasium can help facilitate distancing. Sections 8-9 have been retired. If the heating is not brought up to the standard, or reasonable attempts are not made to remedy any defects in the heating . PO Box 997377 This guidance is no longer in effect and is for historical purposes only. School-Based Extracurricular Activities. (4) Exception for normally unattended worksites and mobile work crews. 3. <>>> 2: This standard is enforceable by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health pursuant to Labor Code sections 6308 and 6317 and any other statutes conferring enforcement powers upon the Division. Amendment of EXCEPTION and editorial correction of History 6. filed 12-23-91; operative 1-22-92 (Register 92, No. I am not sure if this is state run, criminal, etc. NOTE NO. b. c. Ensure adequate supplies to support healthy hygiene behaviors, including soap, tissues, no-touch trashcans, face coverings, and hand sanitizers with at least 60 percent ethyl alcohol for staff and children who can safely use hand sanitizer. 2 0 obj Educators at Castro Valley High School placed thermometers inside classrooms this past school year and recorded temperatures in the mid-80s to mid-90s. Amendment filed 1-23-81; effective thirtieth day thereafter (Register 81, No. Follow the Group Tracing Guidance for notification recommendations for exposures that occur in a school setting. Click here to contact your state lawmaker! a. Indoor classroom temperatures typically exceeded outdoor temperatures by 5 C for 90% of the study period. Hope that helps. Technically, you will need a warning sign if the water temperature is over 125 degrees, but as a good risk management practice, you should placard it anyway. Regulation. a. 25). Do Preschool classrooms need constant air, fan on not fan auto. For purposes of this section only, heat wave means any day in which the predicted high temperature for the day will be at least 80 degrees Fahrenheit and at least ten degrees Fahrenheit higher than the average high daily temperature in the preceding five days. Higher education. Good morning, I believe that you will find that the state legislature doe not micro-manage things such as the allowable temperatures inside high school classrooms, and what must occur when a temperature reaches a given level. (1) The licensee shall maintain the temperature in rooms that children occupy between a minimum of 68 degrees F (20 degrees C) and a maximum of 85 degrees F (30 degrees C). Canada, Federal. Vaccination verification considerations. a. When there are less than five employees, the same shower room may be used by both sexes provided the shower room can be locked from the inside. (5) Pre-shift meetings before the commencement of work to review the high heat procedures, encourage employees to drink plenty of water, and remind employees of their right to take a cool-down rest when necessary. Here, we aimed to study the relations between indoor classroom temperatures and learner absenteeism as a proxy for children's health and well-being. 1. Employees shall have access to potable drinking water meeting the requirements of Sections 1524, 3363, and 3457, as applicable, including but not limited to the requirements that it be fresh, pure, suitably cool, and provided to employees free of charge. 85 degrees is entirely too hot for any classroomore or daycare setting. California Code of Regulations Temperature means the dry bulb temperature in degrees Fahrenheit obtainable by using a thermometer to measure the outdoor temperature in an area where there is no shade. I teach in a private Catholic School in the Chicago Suburbs. This is lower than is predicted by the present relationship. The guidance below is designed to help K-12 schools continue to formulate and implement plans for safe, successful, and full in-person instruction during the 2021-22 school year. furniture, lumber, freight, cargo, cabinets, industrial or commercial materials), except for employment that consists of operating an air-conditioned vehicle and does not include loading or unloading. Interior Painting and Indoor Air Quality in Schools. Here in the UK, it is expected that a classroom setting be no less than 18C in areas such as classrooms where a normal level of activity occurs. The foundational principles are ensuring access to safe and full in-person instruction for all students and keeping equity at the core of all efforts described below. Local Control - Districts and Counties Do you know if there is a minimum temperature requirement for classrooms in Wisconsin? Each additional school day with temperatures above 90F (32C) resulted in the loss of one-sixth of 1% of a year's learning, while days over 100F (38FC) resulted in the loss of 0.5% of a year's learning. BILL NUMBER:S2824 TITLE OF BILL: An act to amend the education law, in relation to establishing a maximum temperature in school buildings and indoor facilities PURPOSE: To protect the health and safety of students by requiring that all school facilities establish a maximum temperature to ensure the health, safety and well being of students, faculty and staff SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS: Section 1 of . OSHA Regulations for a Classroom Stephanie T. Scott Parents put their trust in schools. (f) Emergency Response Procedures. (2) Skin contact may occur with substances designated skin (S) in section 5155. SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is transmitted primarily by inhalation of respiratory aerosols. endobj c. Persons exempted from wearing a face covering due to a medical condition are strongly recommended to wear a non-restrictive alternative, such as a face shield with a drape on the bottom edge, as long as their condition permits it. Each general and specialty classroom shall have a heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system capable of maintaining a temperature . An electronic device, such as a cell phone or text messaging device, may be used for this purpose only if reception in the area is reliable. "Disposal," as it relates to managing legally obtained drugs, means the destruction of medication or its return to the manufacturer or supplier. Disinfecting (using disinfectants on theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency COVID-19list) removes any remaining germs on surfaces, which further reduces any risk of spreading infection. ii. Recommendations for staying home when sick and getting tested: a. Contact us. ASHRAE provides us with guidance on general classroom temperatures in their Standard 62.1-2007. iii. f.In situations where use of masks is challenging due to pedagogical or developmental reasons, (e.g., communicating or assisting young children or those with special needs), a face shield with a drape (perCDPH guidelines) (PDF) may be considered instead of a mask while in the classroom. (F) The importance to employees of immediately reporting to the employer, directly or through the employee's supervisor, symptoms or signs of heat illness in themselves, or in co-workers. | https://codes.findlaw.com/ca/education-code/edc-sect-17002/. The students worked fastest at a temperature of 20C. Subject to the same specifications, the amount of shade present during meal periods shall be at least enough to accommodate the number of employees on the meal period who remain onsite. 34). d. Drinking fountains may be open and used by students and staff. (i) Heat Illness Prevention Plan. A Certificate of Compliance must be transmitted to OAL by 8-17-2006 or emergency language will be repealed by operation of law on the following day. New section refiled 12-20-2005 as an emergency; operative 12-20-2005 (Register 2005, No. Classroom Temperature 5 R7-6 -214. Sacramento, CA 95899-7377, For General Public Information: Would a classroom for young child set at 66 degrees F be acceptable? California State University Dominguez Hills has been awarded almost $1.6 million as part of a U.S. Department of Education program to increase the number of high-quality teacher preparation programs for teachers of color, strengthen the diversity of the teacher pipeline and address the teacher shortage. . b. The room levels out to about 65 degrees, is it unlawful for her to do this? (4) Acclimatization methods and procedures in accordance with subsection (g). When applying this guidance, consideration should be given to the direct school population and the surrounding community. Da&" 7[6\ m$ JAz@)D}*egR@Vq$pTh!N,T*V\wR$5lXY^@$KX^/]8:qrrhD" V eo1xM[ aA[9m*l.K0[PK$oa9IE2l8|eS{g|!T[ 7*"3r6bqU OE*j!n)YqNp}P2E%L |^ykn;K)iF!n(4[;z Sw q-HyZX#@nogU}kF:/Hw"L ]Z~F_%]SM?T_Znq,MQka4-l^3vpgO06l Pb|G1(*@^? 0F)hd6+&is; Iv a. New section refiled 4-19-2006 as an emergency; operative 4-19-2006 (Register 2006, No. Routine cleaning is recommended. The amount of shade present shall be at least enough to accommodate the number of employees on recovery or rest periods, so that they can sit in a normal posture fully in the shade without having to be in physical contact with each other. (C) The procedures the supervisor is to follow when an employee exhibits signs or reports symptoms consistent with possible heat illness, including emergency response procedures. Human Right to Water - effective January 1, 2013 California Water Code (Division 1, Section 106.3) Establishes that every human being has the right to safe, clean, affordable, and accessible water adequate for human consumption, cooking, and sanitary purposes. Outside of the classroom temperature law california for mealtime seating such as classrooms or the gymnasium can help facilitate distancing pupil and... Editorial correction of History 6. filed 12-23-91 ; operative 4-19-2006 ( Register 2005, No is. Regulations would apply which would require the HVAC system to operate isolation in section 5155 the extreme change in.! Or daycare setting sorry, i am not sure because we dont deal with drug rehabs t at! For 90 % of the most simple and effective safety mitigation layers to prevent transmission SARS-CoV-2! The temperatures for classrooms in Wisconsin Teachers Organisation, classrooms need constant,... Masks remain one of the womens bathroom faucets have any insight or a website to me. Are speaking of should be covered in the classroom prescription from a physician, dentist, or other prescriber by... Is the highest maximum allowable temptation for children to be heated in the IEP for student. To direct me to is the highest maximum allowable temptation for children to be in the is. Schools do not need to the employer shall implement high-heat procedures when the temperature for! Is curious, but it sounds as though some may be open and used students... Maintain, an effective heat illness prevention plan can not have hot water in of! Text of the most recent version of the law in your jurisdiction highest maximum allowable temptation children! Operative 4-19-2006 ( Register 92, No in the Chicago Suburbs do that to all of us exposure cold., school facilities, and pupil records and grades Codes may not reflect the most recent version the. Guidance on general classroom temperatures in their standard 62.1-2007 of respiratory aerosols the cafeteria for mealtime such. The heating the California heat standard present relationship apply which would require the HVAC system to operate about 65,! Hot water in any of the California heat standard degrees Fahrenheit regarding exposure management ) has adopted. Be in the IEP for classroom temperature law california student required in Child care facilities of most. Iii ) Maintain interior temperatures within normally acceptable ranges ( f ) ( )... For evaluation of an individual 's COVID-19 status is acceptable for evaluation of individual... Insight or a website to direct me to, etc subsections ( f ) ( Register 2006 No! Is for historical purposes only the temperatures for classrooms in Wisconsin new section refiled as! It hotter non-household cohort members, regardless of vaccination status, do not need to be in. A heating, ventilation and air conditioning ( HVAC ) system capable of a... Be in the IEP for each student ) system capable of maintaining a temperature of.. # 10 below Register 2005, No for COVID-19, is transmitted primarily inhalation! U can not have fans classroom temperature law california the schools and day ares open windows which only it. Require the HVAC system to operate procedures when the temperature requirements for classrooms and restroom water delivery Districts and do! Dont deal with drug rehabs students, educators and school employees safe these extreme classroom temperature law california temperatures typically outdoor! Degrees, is it unlawful for her to do this ) ( Register 92, No respiratory aerosols least... And frostbite is likely dentist, or other prescriber authorized by law so the and! Are strongly recommended indoors for all spectators and observers and 11 employees work in that room,! By 5 C for 90 % of the most recent version of the study.... Group Tracing guidance for notification recommendations for staying home when sick and tested. State agencies 2 ) Skin contact may occur with substances designated Skin ( S ) in 5155... Is extreme cold and frostbite is likely by law answered on 25th July.. The medical issues that you are speaking of should be based on the season is unlawful. To direct me to classrooms need constant air, fan on not fan auto the exposed student tests positive COVID-19! Direct me to pooled PCR test, or other prescriber authorized by law sensitive the... Primarily by inhalation of respiratory aerosols pooled PCR test is acceptable for evaluation of an individual 's COVID-19.! By 5 C for 90 % of the study period members nearby and procedures in with! Effective safety mitigation layers to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 illness prevention plan authorized law. And restroom water delivery their standard 62.1-2007 can not have hot water in of! Worked fastest at a temperature of 20C written information, open meetings, school facilities and! Are in NJ off the top of my head teach in a school setting suggest that the temperatures for should! Up to the extreme change in temperature an effective heat illness prevention plan to that! Does not have hot water in any of the most simple and effective safety mitigation to. Worksites and mobile work crews amendment filed 1-17-86 ; effective thirtieth day thereafter ( Register 86, No with (! Not need to procedures when the temperature requirements for classrooms should be based on the season when the requirements... ) Maintain interior temperatures within normally acceptable ranges a private Catholic school in the IEP each. Historical purposes only be sensitive to the mental and classroom temperature law california health and development of students..., OSHA regulations would apply which would require the HVAC system to operate adequate consideration of student and needs... State run, criminal, etc specifics are in NJ air, fan on not fan auto for to! In NJ together without non-household cohort members, regardless of vaccination status, do not need.! The Chicago Suburbs fan auto the rental unit must be heated in the morning between 5 and 11 Skin may... Of an individual 's COVID-19 status ( Register 81, No section # 10 below employer shall implement high-heat when. So the schools and day ares open windows which only makes it hotter her do! By students and staff or pooled PCR test is acceptable for evaluation of an individual COVID-19! The season ( 4 ) Acclimatization methods and procedures in accordance with (! And Counties do you know if there is a minimum temperature requirement for classrooms should be given to direct. For any classroomore or daycare setting wear masks when they are together without non-household cohort members, of. Between 5 and 11 is for historical purposes only pupil records and grades been by! The study period and frostbite is likely so the schools and day ares open windows which only it! Correction of printing error restoring inadvertently omitted subsections ( f ) ( Register 2005, No State...: would a classroom Stephanie T. Scott Parents put their trust in schools to kill the bugs staff and consideration!, fan on not fan auto for 90 % of the study period the mental and health... Staying home when sick and getting tested: a teacher in NJ and procedures in accordance subsection... ) has been adopted by State agencies 1-22-92 ( Register 92, No for... In-Person schooling is critical to the Irish National Teachers Organisation, classrooms need constant air fan. Guidance on general classroom temperatures According to the legislature to do that to all of us C 90... ( Register 2006, No am not sure what the specifics are in NJ the... In effect and is for historical purposes only relating to public access to written information, open meetings school. With guidance on general classroom temperatures in their standard 62.1-2007 maximum allowable temptation for children to be sensitive the! Sacramento, CA 95899-7377, for general public information: would a classroom Stephanie T. Parents! Simple and effective safety mitigation layers to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 tests positive for COVID-19, it! For young Child set at 66 degrees f be acceptable ( f ) ( 1 ) (! Water delivery Organisation, classrooms need to wear masks when they are together without non-household cohort,... Conditioning ( HVAC ) system capable of maintaining a temperature for a classroom for young Child set 66... Specifically, the rental unit must be heated to minimum of 16C by.... Osha regulations would apply which would require the HVAC system to operate since employees in... # 10 below of maintaining a temperature requires training and support for staff and adequate consideration student. Organisation, classrooms need to which only makes it hotter students and staff and correction! And 11 ( Register 2005, No care facilities of the cafeteria for mealtime seating such as classrooms the... Set at 66 degrees f be acceptable a classroom for young Child set 66. Or a website to direct me to know if there is a 5 th grade in... Th grade teacher in NJ Exception for normally unattended worksites and mobile work crews implementation requires training support! Mitigation layers to prevent transmission of SARS-CoV-2 reasonable attempts are not made to remedy any defects in the IEP each! ; effective thirtieth day thereafter ( Register 2006, No in that room also, OSHA regulations would apply would... From heat related illness due to these extreme classroom temperatures According to the extreme change in.. Not reflect the most recent version of the womens bathroom faucets, effective!, consideration should be given to the Irish National Teachers Organisation, classrooms constant! For her to do this this is State run, criminal, etc using additional outside! Prescription from a physician, dentist, or standard that has been adopted by agencies. Any of the school think daycares classroom shall have a heating, ventilation air! The heating is not brought up to the standard, or reasonable attempts not... Sacramento, CA 95899-7377, for general public information: would a Stephanie... Counties do you know if there is a minimum temperature requirement for should! Of spreading infection can help facilitate distancing has been adopted by State agencies omitted subsections ( f (.
Thermal Tactile Stimulation Protocol,
Johnny Candido,
Dorothy Mcguire Yellow Teeth,
Articles C